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GEOG 451/551 Geography of Tourism
Test 3 Notes
Two Tales of Privatization and Tourism: Prague and Walt
Disney World
1. Prague: Tourist and Convention City of Eastern Europe
I) Prague Rediscovered.
Prague was
rediscovered by Western tourists after the fall of the
Iron Curtain in 1989 and has since become the tourist
and convention city of Eastern Europe. Its popularity
has been driven by: (1) political and economic
stability, (2) proximity to Western Europe, and (3)
heritage landscapes that have been uniquely preserved in
Prague.
Message: Heritage landscapes more valuable over time
than modern redevelopment.
II) Prague Preserved.
1) No World War II Damage
2) Strong tradition in Planning. Centrally Planned
Economy under the Communists after World War II.
a) Potentially Bad:
Strongly centralized pro-planning government and the
rise of modernism could have been disastrous, such as
resulted in the Urban Renewal Movement in the United
States, and especially Soviet style housing in USSR and
throughout Eastern Europe.
b) Fortunately Good:
Although Prague experienced Communist-era modern
development, most projects were on the fringes of Prague
not in the central city.
3) Tradition of Preservation. Club for Old Prague
founded in the late-19th century and has been
instrumental in historic preservation, particularly
during early 20th century period of
reconstruction.
Prague central city core was legally
protected as historic in 1971.
III) Tourism in Prague.
1) Soviet Convention City. In the 1970s and 1980s,
Prague became a major center for Soviet tourism,
conventions, and trade fairs. Tourist infrastructure
constructed, and renovation of historic buildings.
Communist Era Tourism:
Pre-1970: 2-4 million foreign visitors
1978: 19.4 million foreign visitors
1985: 16.5 million foreign visitors
Post-Communist Tourism:
1995: 100 million foreign visitors
2) Post-Communist Tourism
1) Western Tourism. Prague joins the ranks of top 20
conference sites worldwide; and becomes the preferred
headquarters city for western corporations interested in
doing business in Eastern Europe . Foreign investment in
hotels, restaurants and other tourist infrastructure
increases.
2) Re-privatization Reinforces and Threatens Tourism.
Individual entrepreneurs establish many private shops,
food, and lodging places, increasing wages, land values,
but also congestion, noise and crime; increased
competition from foreign run hotel and restaurant
chains.
Anti-planning sentiments abound as planning
is associated with the old centrally-planned Communist
regime. Anti-planning sentiment couple with
privatization may put Prague heritage and cultural
resources at risk. 1996 contemporary Myslbek retail and
office development criticized by the Club for Old Prague
and unsuitable for Old Town.
3) Gentrification. Gentrification in Old Town and
Josefov, the Jewish Quarter, has caused a shift away
from affordable housing toward tourist-oriented
services.
4) Globalization and Mass Tourism. By 1993, Prague was
experiencing the mass tourism that has made it a major
destination, and also threatens Prague with cultural
homogenization, and the prevailing sameness mass tourism
tends to encourage.
2. Walt Disney World: Privatization of Place
Walt Disney World represents an extreme form of
privatization where in exchange for massive amounts of
investment dollars, the local and state officials agreed
to give a private company an extraordinary level of
control over the governance of a place designed to
produce a profit.
Message: Although an efficient means for accomplishing
tasks, monopolistic and dictatorial control of a major
tourist destination can create conflicts between the
private interests of the company and the public welfare.
I) Disney Comes to Florida.
1. Disneyland East. In 1963, Disney associates secretly
purchase 43 square miles (twice the size of Manhattan)
of central Florida swampland for their mysterious
Project X, the creation of Disneyland East (Disneyland
opened in Anaheim, CA in 1955).
2. Why Orlando, Florida?
1) Warm weather climate for year-round
operation (Niagara Falls, New Jersey, and other
locations in Northeast rejected because of winter
weather.).
2) Avoidance of coast to enable large
undeveloped land purchases for future growth,
disassociate this project from tawdry, Boardwalk type
seashore amusement resorts.
3) Good road network at the junction of
Interstate 4 and the Florida Turnpike (built through the
influence of local pro-growth politicians), with
Interstate links to the Northeast (I-95) and Midwest
(I-75).
4) Compliant, pro-growth government willing
to give concessions for Disney’s investment of $500
million (Which had grown to $1.7 billion by 1983 –Epcot
Center, 1982- and an additional $2.3 billion by 2000
–MGM Studios partnership, 1988, Animal Kingdom, 1990, 7
more hotels, and other attractions.)
Why Privatization of Government?
1) Lessons of Anaheim. Walt Disney hated the
uncontrolled sprawl that surrounded Disneyland and
prevented him from expanding. Disney Resort in
California is 500 acres consisting of Disneyland,
Disney’s California Adventure Park, and Downtown Disney
shopping center. He was also interested in creating a
futuristic model city of 20,000 that would have only
renters (no landowners), and no slums, or unemployed
people. Although never realized, elements were
reinterpreted as Epcot and Celebration. His EPCOT
(Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow) Center is
now Epcot, a World’s Fair like theme park fusing latest
technology and international exhibits. The first phase
of Disney’s New Urbanist Celebration opened in 1996, and
deannexed from RCID.
2) Land and Government Deal. 1967 deal with
Disney was based on Florida Code permitting the creation
of privately controlled drainage districts managed by
the landowner rather than the residents for the purpose
of “land reclamation,” draining and developing swamp
land. Disney created the Reedy Creek Improvement
District that included two Orange County municipalities,
Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista. Residents elected
municipal government, which ceded all planning and
development concerns to RCID. The residents of both
communities are Disney employees. Bay Lake (which
includes the Magic Kingdom) population: 23. Lake Buena
Vista population: 16.
RCID Privileges:
1. Regulate land use
2. Provide police and fire
3. Build infrastructure (roads, sewers, water treatment
facilities, airport, nuclear power plant)
4. Issue tax-free bonds
5. Construct projects without approval or coordination
with local or state authorities.
II) Tourism and Growth in Central Florida.
Central Florida experienced spectacular growth as a
result of the WDW investment.
1. Walt Disney World magic Kingdom opens, 1971
2. EPCOT Center opens, 1982
3. Disney-MGM Studios opens, 1988
4. Animal Kingdom opens, 1990
5. Celebration opens, 1996
Tourists to Central Florida:
1969: 3.5 million
1971: 10 million
1994: 33.2 million
Magic Kingdom Visitors:
1980: 14 million, including 10% of all foreign
visitors to the USA (15% by 1993).
1982: 22.7 million
Orange County Population
1970: 344,311
1990: 670,000
1994 Orlando is nation’s fastest growing metro area.
Orlando Area Hotel Rooms:
1965: 8,000
1996: 85,000
Only Las Vegas has more hotel rooms
III) Maximizing Profits; Externalizing Costs
While maximizing profits, WDW has externalized many of
its costs to the public sector.
1. Roads. Area highways built by public, including
interchanges serving WDW properties. Only recently has
WDW contributed to road construction.
2. Affordable Housing. WDW contributes to the rising
cost of land value and housing, but does not provide
affordable housing. Its low-wage employees cannot afford
to live near the WDW property and commute 25 miles from
Seminole County. WDW refuses to provide housing in its
two municipalities to limit who can vote. When
Celebration opened (now with almost 10,000 people) it
was deannexed from Bay Lake to protect RCID control. No
affordable housing in Celebration, but under pressure
WDW invested $13 million in two affordable housing
developments not on WDW property.
3. Competition. The arrival of WDW provided opportunity
for other entrepreneurs and tourist service providers.
WDW has increasingly encroached on these markets,
providing more hotel, entertainment and attraction
venues, including a convention center that competes with
the publicly owned Orange County Convention Center.
4. Impediment to Planning. WDW has huge impact on the
region, but does not have to discuss, seek approval or
coordinate the development of RCID projects making
planning initiatives difficult. Large scale projects
normally need “development of regional impact” plans to
be submitted and approved. WDW does not.
Estimated median household income in 2007: $93,885 (it
was $74,231 in 2000)
|
Celebration: |
$93,885 |
|
Florida: |
$47,804 |
Estimated per capita income in 2007: $50,872
|
Celebration: |
$50,872 |
|
Florida: |
$26,696 |
Estimated median house or condo value in 2007: $977,067
(it was $384,100 in 2000)
|
Celebration: |
$977,067 |
|
Florida: |
$230,400 |
Mean prices in 2007: All housing units: $1,182,975;
Detached houses: $1,210,788; Townhouses or other
attached units: $860,593; Mobile homes: $45,000
Holy Tourism: Conferred Authenticity
I) Defining Authentic,
Inauthentic, and Conferred Authenticity
1) Sacred Destinations is a web
guide to more than 1,250 sacred sites, holy places,
pilgrimage destinations, religious architecture and
sacred art in over 60 countries.
2) Religious Tourism:
Mecca: 2 million pilgrims during
the month of the Hajj. No non-Muslims allowed.
Jerusalem: 3 million tourists in
2005.
Varanasi, India: 4 million in 2008
Temple Square, Salt Lake City: 5
million in 2008
3) World Religious Sites and
Conferred Authenticity:
1. Bodhi Gaya
2. Varanasi
3. Our Lady of Lourdes
4. Our Lady of Fatima
II) Conferred Authenticity in
Jerusalem
1. Holy Sites of the Three Major
Monotheistic Religions:
a) Judaism: Oldest
monotheistic religion going back at least 3,000 years.
b) Christianity
c) Islam
Jerusalem Religious Sites:
1. Temple Mount. Plateau in
Jerusalem that includes the Dome of the Rock, the Al
Aqsa Mosque, and the Western Wall.
2. Western Wall to the Second
Jewish Temple rebuilt by King Herod in 20 BC, and
destroyed by Romans in 68 AD, just before the Jewish
Diaspora. The Temple was known to Jesus and the one he
chased the moneychangers from.
3. Dome of the Rock and Al Aqsa
Mosque. In 620 Mohammad is said to have made a
miraculous “Night Journey and Ascension;” a night time
ride on a winged horse provided to him by the Angel
Gabriel from Mecca to Jerusalem where he was lifted into
Heaven from the Temple Mount, met with profits and
messengers and given the tenet of five daily prayers
before being returned to Jerusalem and then Mecca. The
Dome of the Rock is a shrine built in 691 over the
Sacred Rock from which Mohammad ascended to Heaven. Al
Aqsa Mosque (Farthest Mosque) constructed in 720; 3rd
most holy in Islam after the Holy Mosque in Mecca, and
the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina (built on the house and
tomb of Mohammad).
4. Chapel of the Ascension. Site
where Jesus ascended to Heaven after 40 days on Earth
after being resurrected, leaving behind his right
footprint. The original church built over the site in
390 was destroyed by invading Persians, rebuilt by
Crusaders c.1150, converted into a Mosque.
5. Church of the Holy Sepulchre:
Helena, wife of Christian convert, Emperor Constantine,
went to Jerusalem in the 4th century and
build a church over Golgotha, the site of Jesus
crucifixion, and the nearby tomb where he was
resurrected. Church has been significantly altered over
time is shared by Greek Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and
Armenian Apostolic churches.
6. Garden Tomb: Located outside the
city walls, is thought by some to be the tomb of Jesus.
Discovered in 1883 by British Major General Charles
George Gordon, a Protestant unsatisfied with the
Catholic acceptance of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
site. Although rejected by archeologists, many
Protestants still accept this as the true tomb of Jesus.
III) Conflicted Meaning,
Religion, and Nationalism
1. Interrelated Monotheistic
Religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam. Even though
meanings differ, the inter-related nature of these
religions, especially the later ones, causes sites to
have shared sacred significance. Christians recognize
the significance of the Second Jewish Temple as a place
integral to the stories of Jesus. Muslims accept Jesus
as a profit although they believe Judas was crucified in
his place and Jesus was taken to Heaven.
3. Religion and Nationalism:
a) Israeli sites associated with
nation-building.
b) Taliban Rule in Afghanistan
IV) Religious Narrative and
Holy Tourism in the New World: The Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter Day Saints
1. Mormon Revelation Story:
1820-23, Joseph Smith in West Central New York
2. Lamanites, Nephites and a
Pre-Columbian New World Armageddon
3. Church-Sanctioned Conferred
Authenticity to Holy Sites in New York: a)
Smith Farm, b) Sacred Grove, c) Hill Comorah
Nature Tourism, National Parks, and the Use of Scenery
to Create an American Identity
Rather than long histories, pilgrimage sites, legends,
and stunning architectural achievements of Europe, the
United States came to appreciate its natural landscapes
as a national identifier. Americans came to appreciate
their natural environments using a European landscape
aesthetic that relied on contemplation, and a deep
appreciation for the role of the Creator in making these
landscapes. This aesthetic changed over time, as the
immutable wilderness came to be conquered by technology,
specifically railroads, farms, and extractive
industries. The most unique natural environments were
saved from exploitation in national parks, accepting
that conservation and tourism was the best economic use
for otherwise unproductive land containing scenic
wonders. Mass auto-oriented tourism expanded the
interpretation of nature as tourist attraction to
smaller roadside destinations like show caves,
waterfalls, and rocky wonders. Parasitic diversions were
attracted to the largest of these national parks and
attractions, competing for tourist dollars and resulting
in incompatible land uses. The parks have also had to
adapt to the touring public’s desire for recreation and
use as well as peace and contemplation.
1. America’s national identity is tied to its expansive
western wilderness
2. English landscape aesthetic applied to American
landscapes
3. America’s “wilderness cathedral” is conquered by the
industrial technology
4. Scenic wonders are set aside as national parks,
accepting tourism as the best economic use for these
wilderness regions
5. Auto-oriented mass tourism opens many smaller natural
attractions
6. Contrived diversion is attracted to natural
attractions, which have to accommodate increased demand
for recreational uses.
I) English Landscape Aesthetic and the Hudson River
School
A methodology for appreciating landscapes developed in
18th century Great Britain that subdivided
landscapes in three types: 1) Beautiful, 2) Picturesque,
3) Sublime. A simultaneous interest in landscape
painting followed the same divisions that became popular
in early 19th century American painters based
in New York City who searched out and painted these
landscapes in the Hudson Valley. This Hudson River
School of landscape painting spread into New England,
the Appalachians, out West, South America and beyond
throughout the 19th century setting a
template for how Americans came to view, appreciate and
interpret their scenic landscapes.
1. Beautiful landscapes
are open and contain soft, rounded features, such as
hills and sweeping vistas of fields and trees, and
bucolic, pastoral scenes associated that came to be
associated with agriculture. Beautiful landscapes are
meant to evoke a sense of peaceful tranquility as would
be equated with a bountiful garden setting on a warm,
pleasant day.
2. Picturesque landscapes
tend to be contained, or framed as if in a picture, and
include more rugged landscapes of craggy rocks, blasted
trees, waterfalls and steep-sided glens. Aspects of
human culture is represented by romantic ruins, or
rustic structures. Scenes frequently include a
“contemplative viewer” inserted for scale, and as a
contrasting element to nature. Picturesque landscapes
are meant to evoke a sense of mystery, intrigue and
timelessness such as a land of long histories and
storied legends.
3. Sublime landscapes
are grand and awesome, even terrifying in their
spectacular scope, including rocky mountains, and
dramatic weather. Sublime landscapes represent immutable
wilderness and are meant to evoke a sense of
overwhelming power and to be perceived as the raw works
of the Creator as frequently represented by a brilliant
light source.
II) Urban Parks and Rural Cemeteries
Once established as the way to interpret nature, the
landscape aesthetic was applied by Frederick Law
Olmstead and Calvert Vaux to actual landscapes in their
design of Central Park (1857-73). The Olmstead firm
applied the landscape aesthetic to numerous urban parks,
which not only became the standard template for park
design, but also for large rural cemeteries. The
landscapes architects created landscapes learned from
the landscape painters who crafted their images from
landscapes sought out in nature:
Natural Landscape
à
Painting à
Orchestrated Landscape
III) National Parks
The landscape aesthetic was also applied on a grand
scale to the layout and design of national parks,
especially roads, overlooks, orchestrated vistas, picnic
grounds, and structures. This was a re-orchestration of
nature using applied landscape architecture inspired by
landscape painters who were trying to copy the sense of
nature:
Natural Landscape
à
Painting à
Orchestrated Landscape
à
National Parks
IV) Man Conquers Nature
Capitalist driven industrial technology subdues the
wilderness cathedral, and is celebrated as part of the
national identity; the United States as an ingenious
nation with unlimited capacity to conquer the immutable
wilderness. Starting in 1871 with Yellowstone, the
United States sets aside unique scenic wonders to be
preserved for posterity as remnant bits of conquered
wilderness, and in recognizing that tourism is the best
economic use for the land. Railroads build lines and
pleasure palace resorts in the tamed wilderness parks.
V) Mass Tourism and the Roadside Show
The automobile inserted itself in the national parks as
a recreational vehicle, and followed the circuit of
circuitous carriageways previously laid out to provide
ever-changing vistas of beautiful, picturesque, and
sublime landscapes. When parkways were designed for the
automobile, exemplified by the Blue Ridge Parkway, they
were aligned in a similar fashion, tied to overlooks and
short hiking trails terminating at an aesthetic view.
The automobile, and the rise of middle class mass
tourism also opened many natural attractions, such as
show caves, waterfall parks, and rock cities. The
interpretation of these attractions shifts from being
decidedly romantic, and in keeping with the landscape
aesthetic before World War II, to becoming kid friendly
and entertaining in the baby-booming era of the family
vacation after World War II.
VI) Nature, Recreation, and Diversion
There were two competing images of rest and relaxation
in the 19th century; the quiet, contemplative
communion with nature represented by Olmsted’s Central
Park, and the boisterous thrill of diversion represented
by Coney Island. These two competing leisure time
activities, with their implied social high-brow and
low-brow associations, have always been around, forcing
ball fields into Central Park, and opening the National
Parks to more vigorous activities like rock climbing,
skiing and snowmobiling.
Parasitic parks of contrived amusement have
attached themselves to all major natural attractions.
GEOG 451/551 Geography of Tourism Test 3 Text Outline
Kevin Patrick, Fall 2009
I)
The Tourist City
A guide
to organizing the key concepts in each essay.
Culture Meets Commerce: Tourism in Postcommunist Prague
1)
Preservation of Prague, 179-181.
2)
Prague Socialist Tourism, and Western Tourism After
1989, 181-184.
3)
Postcommunist Foreign Investment and Expansion of
Tourist Services, 184-185.
4)
Changes in Tourist Prague: Old Town, Josefov, Lesser
Town, and Hradcany, 190-193.
5)
Tourism Planning and the Effects of Mass Tourism,
193-197.
Walt Disney World and Orlando: Deregulation as a
Strategy for Tourism
1)
Disney’s Attraction to Central Florida, 89-93.
2)
Disney Governance and Organization in Central Florida,
93-94.
3)
Impact of Disney in Central Florida, 95-102.
4)
Evaluating Choices Made for Central Florida, 102-106.
Tourism in Jerusalem: A Place to Pray
1)
Jerusalem: A Holy City for Three Religions: Judaism,
Christianity, Islam, 198-199.
2)
Conferred Authenticity and the Rise of Tourism in
Jerusalem, 199-201.
3)
Tourist Space Segmentation, 201-211.
4)
Tourism and the Building of a National Identity, 204-208
II)
Managing Sustainable Tourism: A Legacy for the Future
A guide
to the important points of the book.
Chapter 1: Tourism Today and Tomorrow
Defining
Sustainable Tourism, 1, 6.
The Rise
of Sustainable Tourism, 3-4.
1)
1970s; Economic Impact of Tourism
2)
1980s; Environmental Impact of Tourism
3)
1990s; Social Impact and Community Development through
Tourism
4)
2000; Multiple approach Sustainable Tourism
The Rise
of Global Tourism, 4-5.
Chapter 2: A Philosophical Approach to Sustainable
Tourism
Defining
Sustainable Tourism (again), 15.
Component Parts of Sustainable Tourism, 18-24.
Protect,
maintain, and enhance environmental, cultural and
historic resources to the benefit of local communities.
1)
Ecological Sustainability: Environmental protection, and
enhancement
2)
Cultural Sustainability: Enhance quality of life, and
strengthen community identity
3)
Economic Sustainability: Maintenance of resource
productivity and profitability
4)
Local Sustainability: Community improvement and business
prosperity.
Galapagos Islands: Finding a Balance Between Tourist
Demand, Economic Development, and Resource
Sustainability, 24-27.
Chapter 3: Is Sustainable Tourism Economically Viable?
Well-Managed Sustainable Tourism Increases Visitation
and Economic Development, 29-31.
Coopetition and the Marketing of Sustainable Tourism,
34-37.
Chapter 4: Nature-Based Tourism
Defining
Ecotourism, 41-43.
1)
Appreciating nature and local traditional cultures
2)
Emphasis on education and interpretation
3)
Small tour groups, and local businesses
4)
Minimize impact on natural and socio-cultural
environment
5)
Protect natural areas by 1. improving local economies,
2. providing employment and economic opportunities, 3.
advocating conservation
Ten
Commandments of Ecotourism, 50-51.
The
Embera, and Sustainable tourism in Panama’s Chagres
National Park, 52-56.
Chapter 5: What is Our Heritage?
Heritage
Tourism Past and Present, and at the State and
International Scale, 57-59.
National
Heritage Areas, 60-61.
Defining
Heritage Tourism: Authenticity and Balancing Resource
Protection and Community Development, 61-62.
Vandalia, Illinois: Interagency Cooperation and
Public-Private Partnerships, 65-67.
Chapter 6: Culturally, Tourism is Important
Defining
Cultural Tourism: Art, Humanities, and Heritage, 69-71.
The
Curse of the Golden Hordes and the Benefit of Cultural
Tourism, 72-75.
Priorities of Cultural Tourism, 75-77.
1)
Creating Partnerships
2)
Preserving Cultural Integrity and Authenticity
3)
Community Involvement
4)
Researching Cultural and Economic Impact of Tourism
Chapter 7: Tourism Goes Country
Assessing Rural Tourism, 87-89.
Roanoke
River: Water Trails and Rural Tourism, 90-92.
Chapter 8: Strategies for Sustainable Tourism
Sustainable Tourism Management Guidelines, 93-96.
1)
Inventory and assess resources.
2)
Preserve unique natural and built environments.
3)
Promote community involvement.
4)
Measure and evaluate the positive and negative impacts
of tourism
5)
Establish partnerships for coopetive marketing.
Determining Suitability for Rural Tourism (OECD, 1994):
1)
Availability of natural and scenic assets
2)
Availability of wildlife assets
3)
Availability of cultural and historic assets
4)
Potential for outdoor sports and recreation
5)
Proximity and access to large populations
6)
Personnel with marketing and management skills
Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve: A Model for
Public/Private Partnerships
Chapter 9: Managing Sustainable Tourism
The
Shift toward Sustainable Tourism (Chapter 1 Summary),
103-105.
Recognizing the Limits to Sustainable Tourism, 105-106.
1)
Environmental degradation
2)
Crowds, congestion, noise
3)
Overcrowded facilities and infrastructure
4)
Increased social problems
5)
Tension between tourists and locals
6)
Damage to resources
Management Strategies for Carrying Capacity, 106-109.
Chapter 10: More to say about the Future
A Code
of Ethics for Sustainable Tourism, 115-117.
1)
Help protect natural and cultural heritage
2)
Assist in conserving resources
3)
Respect local traditions, customs and regulations
4)
Avoid activities that damage the environment
5)
Select tourist goods and services that encourage
environmental sensitivity
Agenda
21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry: Toward
Environmentally Sustainable Development, 1995, 117-121.
III)
Seeing the Scenic Upland South: Mother Nature and the
Morphology of Tourist Landscapes (Looking Beyond the
Highway: Dixie Roads and Culture)
Sectional summaries.
1) Two
Paths Diverging in a Yellow Wood: Understanding the
contrast in tourist landscape morphology in the Upland
South.
2)
Nature as Wilderness Cathedral: Teaching a landscape
aesthetic to a young America through literature and art,
and applying that interpretation to the country’s scenic
attractions.
3)
Nature Under Control: Celebrating the conquest of the
expansive American wilderness that allowed the extension
of tourism to even the remotest of locations.
4)
Nature as Road Sideshow: The rise of auto-oriented mass
tourism, and the creation of many roadside scenic
attractions that mixed nature and contrived amusement.
5)
Nature as Recreation and Diversion: Incorporating
recreation into the contemplative foundations of nature
tourism, and the creation of competing diversions.
IV)
Shadowed Ground: America’s Landscapes of Violence and
Tragedy
Chapter 8: Stigmata of National Identity
1)
Changing Meaning of the Boston Massacre
2)
Symbolic Meaning of John Brown’s Fort
3) USS
Arizona and Memorializing Pearl Harbor
4)
Shadowed Pasts and the Selective Process of Patriotic
Nation-building
5)
Hierarchical Monument Building
Chapter 9: Invisible and Shadowed Pasts
Unresolved Meaning: Ambiguity in Memorializing a)
American Labor Movement, b) Japanese Internment Camps,
the Andersonville Civil War Prison Camp, and the Kent
State Shootings.
Conflicting Meanings: Representing Slavery, Civil Rights
Movement, and American Indian Experience in the
Landscape.
Afterward: Recent Traumas, Changing Memories, Continued
Tensions
The
Lessons of Recent Traumas: Columbine, Oklahoma City, and
the World Trade Center
GEOG 451/551 Geography of Tourism
Test 2 Outline
Wednesday November
18, 2009
I) Assigned Reading
Multiple choice questions will be asked from the
following chapters, especially where they overlapped
class lectures:
1) The Tourist City
1. Cancun Bliss
Test questions will relate to how Cancun compares to
seashore resort morphology as discussed in class.
2. Las Vegas: Casino Gambling and Local Culture
3. Riverboat Gambling, Tourism, and Economic Development
Test questions will cover the historical development of
gambling in America, and especially its influence on the
geography of Las Vegas.
4. Constructing the Tourist Bubble
5. Tourism and Sports: The Serious Competition for Play
Test questions will emphasize those aspects of the
tourist bubble and sports stadiums that were both
discussed in class and in the book.
6. The New Boston Discovers the Old: Tourism and the
Struggle for a Livable City
Test questions will apply the characteristics of the
tourist bubble to Boston examples discussed in this
chapter.
Chapters 7 and 8 are postponed until Test 3:
7. Culture Meets Commerce: Tourism in Postcommunist
Prague
8. Tourism in Jerusalem: A Place to Pray
2) Shadowed Ground: America’s Landscapes of Violence and
Tragedy
Test questions will emphasize how each of the examples
of violence and tragedy provided in the chapters were
memorialized, commemorated or ignored in the landscape.
Chapter 5: Innocent Places
Chapter 6: The Mark of Shame
Chapter 7: The Land-Shape of Memory and Tradition
Managing Sustainable Tourism Chapters postponed until
Test 3:
3) Managing Sustainable Tourism: A Legacy for the Future
Chapter 1: Tourism for Today and Tomorrow
Chapter 2: A Philosophic Approach to Sustainable Tourism
Chapter 5: What is Our Heritage?
Chapter 6: Culturally, Tourism is Important
II) Lecture Topics
Multiple choice questions will be asked covering the
following four topics discussed in class:
1) Gambling as an Economic Panacea
2) Las Vegas: Tourist Mecca
3) Urban Tourist Bubble
4) Professional Sports Stadiums and the City
Geography of Tourism Fall 2009 Test 1 Outline
Part I: What am I Supposed to Get Out of the
Readings?
I) Test 1 Reminders
1) Multiple choice Scan-tron test. Bring a pencil.
2) You can use hand-written notes for the multiple
choice test.
3) The two 10-point exercises we have completed count as
the first 20 points of this test.
Exercise 1: The Narrative of the 9-11 Memorial
Exercise 2: Cemetery Symbolism
II) Text Readings
1) Kenneth Foot, Shadowed Ground
Chapters 1-4
2) Judd and Fainstein, The Tourist City
Introduction: Global Forces, Local Strategies, and Urban
Tourism
Part I: Evaluating Urban Tourism; Constructing the
Tourist Bubble
Part II: Las Vegas: Casino Gambling and Local Culture
Part IV: Riverboat Gambling, Tourism, and Economic
Development; Cities as Places to Play
III) Shadowed Ground Summary Points: This is an
outline of the main points in Shadowed Ground. Know
Kenneth Foote’s definition, description, angle or
opinion on each of the following.
Chapter 1: A Landscape of Violence and Tragedy
Know differences between and examples of:
1. Sanctification
2. Designation
3. Rectification
4. Obliteration
Chapter 2: The Veneration of Heroes and Martyrs
1. How does the veneration of four assassinated
presidents differ?
1.a. James Garfield
1.b. William McKinley
1.c. Abraham Lincoln
1.d. John F. Kennedy
2. How has the narrative of Martin Luther King, Jr.
changed?
Chapter 3: Community and Catharsis
1. How Communities Handle Tragedies
1.a. Community-centered tragedies
1.b. Diffuse tragedies
1.c. Difference of opinion and blame
2. Retrospective Meaning and the Reinterpretation of
Events
Chapter 4: Heroic Lessons
1. Memorials Commemorate Heroes, Community Loss, or
Lessons Learned
2. How is the American Revolution Memorialized?
2.a. Centennial Sanctification
2.b. Bunker Hill as the Birthplace of America
3. How is Gettysburg Memorialized?
3.a. Sanctifying Gettysburg
3.b. Retrospective Reunification: Confederate Loss vs.
Confederate High Tide
4. Difference of Opinion
4.a. Haymarket Massacre or Haymarket Riot? Lessons of
Labor, Law and Order.
4.b. Forgotten Japanese Internment
IV) The Tourist City Summary Points: This is an
outline of the main points in The Tourist City. Know the
authors’ answers, definitions, descriptions, or opinions
on each of the following.
1) Global Forces, Local Strategies, and Urban Tourism
1. How has tourism grown over the past half-century?
2. How has tourism affected industrial cities in a
post-industrial age?
3. What is the paradox in the globalization of mass
tourism?
2) Evaluating Urban Tourism
1. Define the “fortified city” and how has tourism
changed the spatial organization of older industrial
cities.
2. What is commodification?
3. Understand the difference between authentic and
contrived tourist destinations.
3) Cities as Places to Play
Know differences and examples for:
1. Resort Cities
2. Tourist-Historic Cities
3. Converted Cities
4) Las Vegas: Casino Gambling and Local Culture
1. How did Las Vegas casino gaming evolve from the
first casinos in the 1930s to the postmodern mega-resort
casinos of today?
2. What was the results of Las Vegas’s attempt to
attract families?
3. What is the labor structure of Las Vegas?
5) Riverboat Gambling, Tourism, and Economic
Development
1. When and where did riverboat gambling expand?
2. What are the pros and cons of riverboat gambling?
3. How does gaming affect tourist behavior?
4. How does gaming affect the image of a city?
6) Constructing the Tourist Bubble
1. What is a “tourist bubble” and what type of
tourist destinations are likely to employ it?
2. What are the “trophy collection” components of the
tourist bubble?
3. What is the geography and development history of
American convention centers?
4. What are the advantages and challenges of building
public stadiums?
5. Describe festival malls.
6. What are the economic disadvantages of gambling
casinos?
Geography of Tourism Fall 2009 Test 1 Outline
Part II: What am I Supposed to Get Out of the Lecture
Notes?
I) Test 1 Reminders
1) Multiple choice Scan-tron test. Bring a pencil.
2) You can use hand-written notes for the multiple
choice test.
3) The two 10-point exercises we have completed count as
the first 20 points of this test.
Exercise 1: The Narrative of the 9-11
Memorial
Exercise 2: Cemetery Symbolism
II) Introduction to Geography and Tourism
1) The Nature of Geography
a) Spatial Patterns
b) Map Scale and Scale Dependency
2) Topics in Travel and Tourism
a) Tourism Supply and Demand
b) Tourist Management
c) Restaurant, Hotel and Resort Management
d) Tourism Labor Structure
e) Tourism Marketing
3) Dr. Patrick’s Geography of Tourism Class
a) Constructing Tourist Landscapes
b) Understanding the Meaning of Tourist
Places
III) Geography and the Tourist: Spatial Social Behavior
1) Defining the Tourist: Business or Pleasure?
2) Tourist Time Segments:
1. Daytrip
2. Overnight (World
Tourism Organization definition)
3. Multiple nights
4. Week-10 days
5. 2-weeks
6. Longer
3) Tourist Places:
1. Defined by the
setting: The Beach, The Mountains, The Lake
2. Defined by the
activity: Hiking, biking, white water rafting, caving,
gambling
3. Defined by the
place: Specific place to go touring
4) Vacation Location relative to place of origin?
1. Proximate: Nearest
beach, or mountain resort area
2. Traditional:
Second vacation home, or traditional vacation spot
3. New: A place
specifically because it has never been experienced.
IV) Memorialization and Place Meaning
1) Developing a Narrative for Tourist Places
1. Kenneth Foote’s Classification for
Violence and Tragedy on the Landscape:
Sanctification, Designation, Rectification, Obliteration
2. The Need for a Tourist Destination
Narratives: “Contemplative places” like historic sites,
have more need for a narrative than “Spectator places”
like theaters, sports arenas, and “Activity places” like
amusement parks, the beach, or ski resorts.
2) 9-11 Narrative and Memorial Service: Sanctification.
Military presence and highest authorities define
meaning, rather than debate meaning.
1. Personal Testimony
2. Links to Common Goals and Traditions
(i.e. Freedom, Liberty, Democracy)
3. Memorial Tribute to Locals Lost
4. Sanctification of Monument
5. Veneration of Flight 93 Passengers as
Heroes and Martyrs, not Victims
V) Cemetery Symbolism and the Memorialization of Place
1) Cemeteries as Tourist Attractions: Historical
Geography
1. Renaissance Cathedrals and Churches
2. Church Graveyards
3. Secular “Rural” Cemeteries at the Edge of
Cities
a) Urban Parks Movement and Olmstedian
Landscape Ideals
b) Post-Civil War Trauma and Cemetery
Visitation
c) Romantic Symbolism of the Victorian
Era: Judeo-Christian Traditions in Western Civilization
4.Mid-20th
Century Memorial Parks in the Suburbs
a) Rise of Functionalist Modernism
b) Increase in Cremation and Personal
rather than Cultural Narratives
2) Cemetery Symbolism Representing Place Narratives:
Meant to positively define the decease relative to a
cultural matrix, and presenting lessons to the living
while evoking emotion.
1. Symbolism of Flora and Fauna (ivy, tree
stump, oak leaves, rose, lily, morning glory, broken
flower, laurel wreath, dove, lamb, lion, eagle, etc.)
2. Religious Symbolism (cross, Crucifix,
Star of David, Jesus, Virgin Mary, angels, cherubs,
etc.)
3. Symbolism of Human Artifacts (obelisk,
urn, veil, open book, anchor, torch, fraternal
organization and military insignia, etc.)
4. Meaning of Human Forms and Figures (Seven
Virtues, Heavenward pointing hands, clasped hands,
skeletons, death heads, Father Time, mournful woman,
etc.)
5. Other Cemetery Items (white bronze
monuments, mausoleums, tumuli, grave goods, laser
etchings, etc.)
VI) Tourist Place Meaning Defined by State Nicknames,
Logos and Slogans
1) The Meaning Behind State Nicknames: Place
designations.
2) The Meaning Behind State Tourist Slogans and Logos:
Place sensations meant to evoke a positive emotion while
presenting a sense of place.
VII) Tourist Resort Morphology
1) Atlantic City as Monopoly Board
1. Tourist and Social Geography of 1933
Monopoly Atlantic City
a) Deep Purple Streets; b) Light Blue
Streets; c) Purple Streets; d) Orange Streets; e) Red
Streets; f) Yellow Streets; g) Green Streets; e) Royal
Blue Streets
2. Impact of Casino Gambling on the
Tourist/Social Geography of Atlantic City
2) Eastern Shore Resort Morphology
1. Physical Geography of Barrier Islands and
the Separation of Tourist Space
2. Infrastructure of Barrier Islands and the
creation of mainland shore roads, access roads, back bay
bridges, and a street grid oriented to the beach
3. Pedestrian-Oriented Tourist Town: a)
Railroads/railroad depots; b) Downtown business district
and hierarchical retailing; c) boarding house district;
d) older, upscale hotel district; e) Boardwalk/Promenade
and conspicuous consumption; f) Amusement pier and
contrived parasitic attractions; g) fishing pier
4. Auto-Oriented Tourist Town: a) Tourist
service street; b) Beach front, near-beach motel strip;
c) Cheap motel strip; d) New resort hotels; e) Downbeach
luxury condos; f) Auto-oriented tourist strip; g)
Upscale residential street; h) Mainland shopping centers
3) Gambling as an Economic Panacea
1. Historical Geography of Gambling in
America
a) Frontier/Social Fringe: Masculine
landscape apart from civilization/society
b) Elimination of gambling with spread of
civilization and feminine landscapes of domesticity
c) Nevada and the Age of Modern Gambling
as an Economic Panacea
c.1. Nevada as the last state to
outlaw gambling, 1911
c.2. Re-Legalization of Gambling
in Nevada, 1931.
c.3. Reno-centered Gambling
c.4. Las Vegas-Centered
Gambling. Shift in 1930s with public works projects;
expansion in 1940s with military bases and defense
industries; dominance by the 1950s with auto and air
travel.
c.5. Pedestrian-oriented,
mob-run gambling on Downtown Fremont Street
c.6. Postwar Auto-oriented,
mob-run gambling on The Strip
c.7. Corporate Casinos with the
1966 arrival of Howard Hughes
c.8. Postmodern themed
mega-resort casinos
d) Atlantic City, New Jersey
d.1. Casino gambling legalized, 1976
d.2. Resorts International opens as first casino, 1978
d.3. New Jersey state percentage used for senior citizen
programs
e) Indian Casinos
e.1. Act legalizing Seminole
bingo parlors, 1979, leads to an expansion of bingo to
other Indian Reservations
e.2. Indian Gaming Regulation
Act 1988, allows Native American Indians to circumvent
state law, legalizing gambling through the Federal
Bureau of Indian Affairs.
e.3. 27 states now have Indian
casinos
f) Riverboat Gambling
f.1. Iowa legalizes limited
riverboat gambling to stimulate growth in riverboat
tourist trade, 1989
f.2. Illinois legalizes
riverboat gambling with higher stakes
f.3. 6 states legalize riverboat
gambling by 1997, some requiring boats to be in the
river, some allowing dockside casinos. Riverboat
gambling: IA, IL, IN, MS, MO, LA
g) Slot Parlors and Pennsylvania
g.1. Located at horse race
tracks to reinvigorate horse racing industry.
g.2. Stand-alone slot parlors in
regulated markets areas around the state
2. Gambling as an Economic Panacea
a) First Casinos: Basic economic
activity as money is being brought into the regional
economy from outside.
b) Intermediate Casinos: As casinos
spread they become more Non-Basic, circulating
more local money already in the region, and less money
from outside the region.
c) Last Casinos: Widespread Non-Basic
economic activity circulating money in local economies.
Cities require gambling casinos as a defensive measure
to prevent their local dollars from being exported to
casinos outside the region. |