GEOG 451/551 Geography of Tourism

Test 2 Outline

Wednesday November 18, 2009

I) Assigned Reading

Multiple choice questions will be asked from the following chapters, especially where they overlapped class lectures:

1) The Tourist City

1. Cancun Bliss

Test questions will relate to how Cancun compares to seashore resort morphology as discussed in class.

2. Las Vegas: Casino Gambling and Local Culture

3. Riverboat Gambling, Tourism, and Economic Development

Test questions will cover the historical development of gambling in America, and especially its influence on the geography of Las Vegas.

4. Constructing the Tourist Bubble

5. Tourism and Sports: The Serious Competition for Play

Test questions will emphasize those aspects of the tourist bubble and sports stadiums that were both discussed in class and in the book.

6. The New Boston Discovers the Old: Tourism and the Struggle for a Livable City

Test questions will apply the characteristics of the tourist bubble to Boston examples discussed in this chapter.

Chapters 7 and 8 are postponed until Test 3:

7. Culture Meets Commerce: Tourism in Postcommunist Prague

8. Tourism in Jerusalem: A Place to Pray

2) Shadowed Ground: America’s Landscapes of Violence and Tragedy

Test questions will emphasize how each of the examples of violence and tragedy provided in the chapters were memorialized, commemorated or ignored in the landscape.

Chapter 5: Innocent Places

Chapter 6: The Mark of Shame

Chapter 7: The Land-Shape of Memory and Tradition

Managing Sustainable Tourism Chapters postponed until Test 3:

3) Managing Sustainable Tourism: A Legacy for the Future

Chapter 1: Tourism for Today and Tomorrow

Chapter 2: A Philosophic Approach to Sustainable Tourism

Chapter 5: What is Our Heritage?

Chapter 6: Culturally, Tourism is Important

II) Lecture Topics

Multiple choice questions will be asked covering the following four topics discussed in class:

1) Gambling as an Economic Panacea

2) Las Vegas: Tourist Mecca

3) Urban Tourist Bubble

4) Professional Sports Stadiums and the City

Geography of Tourism Fall 2009 Test 1 Outline
Part I: What am I Supposed to Get Out of the Readings?

 

Geography of Tourism Fall 2009 Test 1 Outline

Part II: What am I Supposed to Get Out of the Lecture Notes?

I) Test 1 Reminders

1) Multiple choice Scan-tron test. Bring a pencil.

2) You can use hand-written notes for the multiple choice test.

3) The two 10-point exercises we have completed count as the first 20 points of this test.

            Exercise 1: The Narrative of the 9-11 Memorial

            Exercise 2: Cemetery Symbolism

II) Introduction to Geography and Tourism

1) The Nature of Geography

            a) Spatial Patterns

            b) Map Scale and Scale Dependency

2) Topics in Travel and Tourism

            a) Tourism Supply and Demand

            b) Tourist Management

            c) Restaurant, Hotel and Resort Management

            d) Tourism Labor Structure

            e) Tourism Marketing

3) Dr. Patrick’s Geography of Tourism Class

            a) Constructing Tourist Landscapes

            b) Understanding the Meaning of Tourist Places

III) Geography and the Tourist: Spatial Social Behavior

1) Defining the Tourist: Business or Pleasure?

2) Tourist Time Segments:

1. Daytrip

2. Overnight (World Tourism Organization definition)

3. Multiple nights

4. Week-10 days

5. 2-weeks

6. Longer

3) Tourist Places:

1. Defined by the setting: The Beach, The Mountains, The Lake

2. Defined by the activity: Hiking, biking, white water rafting, caving, gambling

3. Defined by the place: Specific place to go touring

4) Vacation Location relative to place of origin?

1. Proximate: Nearest beach, or mountain resort area

2. Traditional: Second vacation home, or traditional vacation spot

3. New: A place specifically because it has never been experienced.

IV) Memorialization and Place Meaning

1) Developing a Narrative for Tourist Places

            1. Kenneth Foote’s Classification for Violence and Tragedy on the Landscape:

Sanctification, Designation, Rectification, Obliteration

            2. The Need for a Tourist Destination Narratives: “Contemplative places” like historic sites, have more need for a narrative than “Spectator places” like theaters, sports arenas, and “Activity places” like amusement parks, the beach, or ski resorts.

2) 9-11 Narrative and Memorial Service: Sanctification. Military presence and highest authorities define meaning, rather than debate meaning.

            1. Personal Testimony

            2. Links to Common Goals and Traditions (i.e. Freedom, Liberty, Democracy)      

            3. Memorial Tribute to Locals Lost

            4. Sanctification of Monument

            5. Veneration of Flight 93 Passengers as Heroes and Martyrs, not Victims

V) Cemetery Symbolism and the Memorialization of Place

1) Cemeteries as Tourist Attractions: Historical Geography

            1. Renaissance Cathedrals and Churches

            2. Church Graveyards

            3. Secular “Rural” Cemeteries at the Edge of Cities

               a) Urban Parks Movement and Olmstedian Landscape Ideals

               b) Post-Civil War Trauma and Cemetery Visitation

               c) Romantic Symbolism of the Victorian Era: Judeo-Christian Traditions in Western Civilization

4.Mid-20^th Century Memorial Parks in the Suburbs

               a) Rise of Functionalist Modernism

               b) Increase in Cremation and Personal rather than Cultural Narratives

2) Cemetery Symbolism Representing Place Narratives: Meant to positively define the decease relative to a cultural matrix, and presenting lessons to the living while evoking emotion.

            1. Symbolism of Flora and Fauna (ivy, tree stump, oak leaves, rose, lily, morning glory, broken flower, laurel wreath, dove, lamb, lion, eagle, etc.)

            2. Religious Symbolism (cross, Crucifix, Star of David, Jesus, Virgin Mary, angels, cherubs, etc.)

            3. Symbolism of Human Artifacts (obelisk, urn, veil, open book, anchor, torch, fraternal organization and military insignia, etc.)

            4. Meaning of Human Forms and Figures (Seven Virtues, Heavenward pointing hands, clasped hands, skeletons, death heads, Father Time, mournful woman, etc.)

            5. Other Cemetery Items (white bronze monuments, mausoleums, tumuli, grave goods, laser etchings, etc.)

VI) Tourist Place Meaning Defined by State Nicknames, Logos and Slogans

1) The Meaning Behind State Nicknames: Place designations.

2) The Meaning Behind State Tourist Slogans and Logos: Place sensations meant to evoke a positive emotion while presenting a sense of place.

VII) Tourist Resort Morphology

1) Atlantic City as Monopoly Board

            1. Tourist and Social Geography of 1933 Monopoly Atlantic City

            a) Deep Purple Streets; b) Light Blue Streets; c) Purple Streets; d) Orange Streets; e) Red Streets; f) Yellow Streets; g) Green Streets; e) Royal Blue Streets

            2. Impact of Casino Gambling on the Tourist/Social Geography of Atlantic City

2) Eastern Shore Resort Morphology

            1. Physical Geography of Barrier Islands and the Separation of Tourist Space

            2. Infrastructure of Barrier Islands and the creation of mainland shore roads, access roads, back bay bridges, and a street grid oriented to the beach

            3. Pedestrian-Oriented Tourist Town: a) Railroads/railroad depots; b) Downtown business district and hierarchical retailing; c) boarding house district; d) older, upscale hotel district; e) Boardwalk/Promenade and conspicuous consumption; f) Amusement pier and contrived parasitic attractions; g) fishing pier

            4. Auto-Oriented Tourist Town: a) Tourist service street; b) Beach front, near-beach motel strip; c) Cheap motel strip; d) New resort hotels; e) Downbeach luxury condos; f) Auto-oriented tourist strip; g) Upscale residential street; h) Mainland shopping centers

3) Gambling as an Economic Panacea

            1. Historical Geography of Gambling in America

               a) Frontier/Social Fringe: Masculine landscape apart from civilization/society

               b) Elimination of gambling with spread of civilization and feminine landscapes of domesticity

               c) Nevada and the Age of Modern Gambling as an Economic Panacea

                        c.1. Nevada as the last state to outlaw gambling, 1911

                        c.2. Re-Legalization of Gambling in Nevada, 1931.

                        c.3. Reno-centered Gambling

                        c.4. Las Vegas-Centered Gambling. Shift in 1930s with public works projects; expansion in 1940s with military bases and defense industries; dominance by the 1950s with auto and air travel.

                        c.5. Pedestrian-oriented, mob-run gambling on Downtown Fremont Street

                        c.6. Postwar Auto-oriented, mob-run gambling on The Strip

                        c.7. Corporate Casinos with the 1966 arrival of Howard Hughes

                        c.8. Postmodern themed mega-resort casinos

               d) Atlantic City, New Jersey

d.1. Casino gambling legalized, 1976

d.2. Resorts International opens as first casino, 1978

d.3. New Jersey state percentage used for senior citizen programs

               e) Indian Casinos

                        e.1. Act legalizing Seminole bingo parlors, 1979, leads to an expansion of bingo to other Indian Reservations

                        e.2. Indian Gaming Regulation Act 1988, allows Native American Indians to circumvent state law, legalizing gambling through the Federal Bureau of Indian Affairs.

                        e.3. 27 states now have Indian casinos

               f) Riverboat Gambling

                        f.1. Iowa legalizes limited riverboat gambling to stimulate growth in riverboat tourist trade, 1989

                        f.2. Illinois legalizes riverboat gambling with higher stakes

                        f.3. 6 states legalize riverboat gambling by 1997, some requiring boats to be in the river, some allowing dockside casinos. Riverboat gambling: IA, IL, IN, MS, MO, LA

               g) Slot Parlors and Pennsylvania

                        g.1. Located at horse race tracks to reinvigorate horse racing industry.

                        g.2. Stand-alone slot parlors in regulated markets areas around the state

            2. Gambling as an Economic Panacea

               a) First Casinos: Basic economic activity as money is being brought into the regional economy from outside.

               b) Intermediate Casinos: As casinos spread they become more Non-Basic, circulating more local money already in the region, and less money from outside the region.